Bank Directors', Officers', and Lawyers' Civil Liabilities, Second
Edition is an essential resource for any attorney who is litigating or
attempting to settle cases brought by the federal and state banking regulators
against directors, officers, and legal counsel of financial institutions. It
provides current analysis of the new law emerging from the courts, the Supreme
Court's landmark decision in
O'Melveny & Myers v. FDIC and the
demise of the federal common law regarding failed financial institutions.
Directors' and officers' liability insurance and bank fidelity bonds are also
covered in detail.
John K. Villa guides
you through the complexities of litigating an action - and discusses ways to
reduce the chances of litigation - with strategic recommendations for all key
players. This authoritative treatise answers essential questions such as:
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When is a bank director indemnified?
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How is the statute of limitations applied?
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What added responsibilities does a lawyer assume by becoming a bank director;
does federal or state law control?
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What are acceptable courses of conduct for the bank?
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What must agencies prove before a court will enforce an administrative
subpoena for financial data?
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How does the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 affect those banks that
constitute a public company?
CHAPTER 1. FIDUCIARY DUTIES OF DIRECTORS
Common Law Breach of Fiduciary Duty
Statutory Bases for Liability
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12 U.S.C. §§93 and 503
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12 U.S.C. §501a
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12 U.S.C. §1833a
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Other Banking Statutes
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Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
CHAPTER 2. LIABILITIES OF BANK AND THRIFT COUNSEL
Introduction
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FDIC Investigations, the Decision to Sue and Settlement
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Document Demands and Administrative Subpoenas
Malpractice
Aiding and Abetting Breach of Fiduciary Duty
Fraud
Attorney-Director
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The Standard of Care Applicable to Attorney-Directors
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Conflict of Interest Issues
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Defense Considerations
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Policy Considerations
Theories Based on Breaches of State Attorney Conduct Rules
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Ethical Rules as a Basis for Liability Generally
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Conflicts of Interest
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Duty to Disclose or “Blow the Whistle”
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Duty to Withdraw
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Going “Up the Ladder”—Model Rule 1.13—Disclosure Within the Client Entity
Liability Based on Breaches of the SEC's Reporting Requirements
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Attorneys Subject to Reporting Obligations
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Conduct Triggering the Reporting Requirements
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Extent of Reporting Obligations
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Relationship to State Disciplinary Rules
Actual and Constructive Knowledge
Scope-of-Representation Issues
Proximate Cause
Affirmative Defenses
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Affirmative Defenses Based on the Conduct of the Agency as Receiver or Assignee
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Affirmative Defenses Based on the Conduct of the Regulators
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Statute of Limitations
Damages
CHAPTER 3. ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT
Definitions
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Individuals Subject to Administrative Actions
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“Violation”
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“Appropriate Federal Banking Agency”
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“Unsafe or Unsound Practices”
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“Any Written Agreement Entered into with the Agency”
Civil Money Penalties
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Civil Money Penalties After FIRREA
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General Civil Money Penalty Authority
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General Civil Money Penalty Practice and Procedure
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Violations of the Federal Reserve Act
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Violations of the National Bank Act
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Violations of the Change in Control Act
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Violations of the Bank Tying Act
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Holding Company Act Violations
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Other Civil Money Penalty Authority
Cease and Desist Orders
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Jurisdiction for Cease and Desist Orders
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Current Cease and Desist Authority
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Cease and Desist Order Disclosure Obligations
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Temporary Orders to Cease and Desist
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Capital Directives
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Penalties for Violations of Cease and Desist Orders or Capital Directives
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Asset Freezes
Removal and Prohibition/Suspension Orders
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Pre-FIRREA Statute
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12 U.S.C. §§1818(e), (g), (j) After FIRREA
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Consequences of Suspension, Removal or Prohibition Order—And Failure to Comply
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Persons Under Indictment or Convicted of Crimes
Other Administrative Tools to Influence the Composition of the Board and
Management
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Agency Disapproval of Directors and Senior Executive Officers of Certain
Depository Institutions
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Prompt Corrective Action
Administrative Hearings
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Hearing Rules of Practice and Procedure
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Review of Final Agency Decisions
CHAPTER 4. DIRECTORS' AND OFFICERS' INSURANCE
Introduction
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Duties of Bank Officers and Directors
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State Indemnification Laws
Directors’ and Officers’ Liability Insurance: A Definition
D&O Insurance: Liability Versus Indemnity
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Characteristics of Liability Insurance
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Characteristics of Indemnity Coverage
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Characteristics of D&O Insurance
D&O Insurance Distinguished from Fidelity Bonds
Typical Policies
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Major Underwriters
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Structure
General Rules of Construction
Coverage
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Wrongful Act
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Loss
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Calculating “Loss”
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Discovery Period
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Retroactive Coverage and Retroactive Dates
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Coverage of Potential Claims: “Notice of Circumstances”
Standard Exclusions
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The Dishonesty Exclusion
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Personal Profit
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Short Swing Trading Profits
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Other Insurance or Failure to Maintain Insurance
Recently Developed Exclusions
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“Insured vs. Insured” Exclusion
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The Regulatory Exclusion
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Hostile Takeover Exclusion
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Prior Notice Exclusion
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Prior Litigation Exclusion
Making a Claim
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Timing
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Adequacy: The Notice/Prejudice Rule and Notice of Circumstances Provisions
Reservation of Rights
Advancement of Attorneys' Fees and Costs of Litigation
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Defense Costs As Additions to the Limit on Liability
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Coverage of Criminal Attorneys' Fees
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Allocation
Cooperation
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In General
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Invoking the Fifth Amendment
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Attorney-Client Privilege
Settlements
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Insurer's Duty to Settle
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Policy Provisions
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Collusion
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Bad Faith
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Settlement By Less Than All Insureds
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Allocation
Suits To Establish Coverage
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Declaratory Relief
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Effect of the No-Action Clause
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Direct Actions Against the Insurer
Rescission
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Misrepresentation
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Effect on Other Directors
Cancellation
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Grounds, Notice, and Limitations
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Non-Renewal
Subrogation of Insurer
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Insurer's Subrogation Rights Against Outside Third Parties
Priority of RTC or FDIC to D&O Proceeds
CHAPTER 5. FIDELITY BOND CLAIMS
Definition and Development of the Financial Institution Bond
Overview of Standard Bond Form 24
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Standard Form 24
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Loss-Sustained Bonds
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Duration of the Bond
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Rules of Construction and Waiver
FIB Definitions
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Employees
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Forgery
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Loans
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Property
Exclusions
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Forgery Exclusion
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Civil Disturbance and Nuclear War
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Director Exclusion
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Loan Exclusion
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Losses Based on Customer Services
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Trading Losses
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Exclusions Resulting from Bank Errors
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Uncollected Funds
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Credit Card and ATM Losses
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Extortion
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Exclusions Restricting the Basic Insuring Agreements
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Potential Income
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Damages
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Expenses
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Miscellaneous
Who Is Insured: Changes in Control and Other Considerations
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Changes in Control
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Joint Insureds
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Ownership
Financial Considerations
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Limit of Liability
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Deductible
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Valuation
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Effect of Other Insurance
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Apportionment of Excess Recoveries
Causation
Discover
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Pre-1980 Efforts to Define Discovery
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A Definition of Discovery
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When Will Discovery Be Imputed to the Bank?
Notice of Loss
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Mechanics
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Proof of Loss
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Effect of Inadequate Notice
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Collecting Indemnity
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Notice of Legal Proceedings and Election to Defend
Cooperation
Misrepresentation and Its Effects
Termination and Cancellation
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Termination of the Bond in Its Entirety
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Termination Upon Discovery
Subrogation
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Definition
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Subrogation Rights Against a Banks' Officers and Directors
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Timing of the Subrogation Remedy
Coverage of Third-Party Claims
Insuring Agreement (A): Dishonesty
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Individuals Covered
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Conduct Covered
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The Financial Benefit Requirement and Typical Employee Benefits
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Financial Benefit Test in Loan Losses
Other Coverages Provided Under Standard Form 24
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Insuring Agreement (D): Check Forgery
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Insuring Agreement (E): Securities Forgery
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Insuring Agreements (B) and (C): Property Losses
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Insuring Agreement (F): Counterfeit Currency
CHAPTER 6. INDEMNITY
Overview
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Indemnification Defined
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Purpose
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Public Policy Constraints
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Insurance Distinguished
History
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Early State Laws
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Delaware and the Model Act
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Delaware and Model Acts Diverge
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Impact of Director Liability Crisis on State Indemnification Statutes
The Delaware Indemnification Statute
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Overview
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Coverage
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Scope
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Procedures for Awarding Indemnification
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Advance Indemnity Payments
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Authority to Purchase D&O Insurance
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Nonexclusivity
Federal Regulatory Limitations on Indemnification for Financial Institutions
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OCC Indemnification Requirements
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OTS Regulations
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FDIC's Indemnification Role Also Contains Over 50
Appendices—Including Policy Statements, Guidelines, and Key Primary Source
Documents