VOLUME I
Chapter I. The Business Judgment Rule–An Introduction
A. Historical Origins
B. Rationale
C. The Rule’s Presumption and Its Effect
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1. The Presumption
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2. The Shareholder Plaintiff’s Burden
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3. The Fairness Standard Where the Presumption Is Overcome
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4. Business Judgment Versus Fairness
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5. Collective Versus Director-By-Director Review of Director Conduct
D. Elements of the Rule
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1. A Business Decision
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2. Disinterestedness and Independence
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3. Due Care
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4. Good Faith
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5. No Abuse of Discretion
E. Fraud, Illegality and Ultra Vires Conduct
F. Waste
G. Application of the Business Judgment Rule to Officers
H. Efforts to Codify the Business Judgment Rule
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1. The Model Business Corporation Act
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2. Principles of Corporate Governance: Analysis and Recommendations
Chapter II. Fiduciary Duties of Corporate Directors and Controlling
Shareholders
A. The Director’s Duty of Care
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1. The Relationship Between the Business Judgment Rule and the Duty of Care
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2. The General Standard of Care
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3. Oversight and Monitoring
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4. Liability
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5. Reliance and Delegation
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6. Shareholder Ratification
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7. Director Protection Statutes
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8. Directors of Financial Institutions
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9. Considerations Involving Damages
B. The Director’s Duty of Loyalty
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1. The Relationship Between the Business Judgment Rule and the Duty of Loyalty
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2. Interested Director Transactions
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3. The Corporate Opportunity Doctrine
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4. Director and Officer Compensation
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5. Stock Options
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6. Insider Trading
C. The Controlling Shareholder’s Duty of Loyalty
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1. The Definition of Control
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2. The Controlling Shareholder’s Rights as a Shareholder Versus its Fiduciary
Duties as a Controlling Shareholder
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3. Sale of Control at a Premium
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4. The General Scope of the Controlling Shareholder’s Obligation to
Demonstrate Fairness
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5. Parent-Subsidiary Transactions: Sinclair and Its Progeny
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6. Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries
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7. Two Roads to Going Private: Merger Agreements and Tender Offers Followed by
Short-Form Mergers
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8. Merger Agreements with Controlling Shareholders
VOLUME II
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8. Merger Agreements with Controlling Shareholders (Cont'd)
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9. Tender Offers by Controlling Shareholders Followed by Short-Form Merger
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10. Efforts to Unify the Legal Standards Governing the Two Roads to Going
Private
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11. The Fairness Standard in Controlling Shareholder Transactions Other Than
Going Private Transactions
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12. Principles of Corporate Governance and the Committe on Corporate Laws
Guideline
D. Appraisal
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1. Procedural Prerequisites
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2. Determining Fair Value
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3. Differences Between Appraisal and Fiduciary Duty Proceedings
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4. When Appraisal Constitutes an Exclusive Remedy
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5. The Different Rules Governing Short-Form Mergers
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6. Quasi-Appraisal
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7. Interest in Appraisal Cases
E. The Duty of Disclosure
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1. The Reach of the Duty of Disclosure and the Difference Between Cases Where
Shareholder Action Is and Is Not Requested
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2. The Role of the Business Judgment Rule
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3. Materiality
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4. Remedies
F. Acquiescence
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1. The Supreme Court’s Bershad Rule
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2. Court of Chancery Decisions Limiting Bershad in Light of Lynch and Rabkin
G. Wrongful Coercion
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1. Voting
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2. Offers to Purchase Shares
H. Conflicts Among Shareholders
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1. The Extent to Which Common Shareholders Must Be Treated Equally
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2. Involving Different Classes of Common Stock
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3. Preferred Shareholders
I. Fiduciary Duties of Directors of Financially Troubled Corporations
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1. Fiduciary Duties Generally Not Owed to Creditors of Solvent Corporations
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2. The Fiduciary Duties Owed to Creditors – and the Community of Interests –
of Insolvent Corporations
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3. Determining When a Corporation Is Insolvent
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4. The “Vicinity” or “Zone” of Insolvency
Chapter III. The Business Judgment Rule in Transactions Involving Defensive
Measures, Corporate Control and Merger Agreements
A. Introductory Issues
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1. Should the Rule Apply to Defensive Measures at All?
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2. The Unocal Doctrine
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3. The Revlon and QVC Doctrine
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4. The Blasius Doctrine
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5. Consideration of Non-Shareholder Constituencies
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6. Standing Considerations
B. White Squire Stock Transactions
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1. Friendly Stock Acquisitions
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2. Employee Stock Ownership Plans (“ESOPs”)
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3. Bridge Financing
C. Crown Jewel Asset Sales
D. White Knight Transactions and Deal Protection Measures in Merger
Agreements
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1. Leg-Up and Lock-Up Stock Options
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2. Lock-Up Asset Options
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3. No Shop, No Talk and Fiduciary Out Provision
VOLUME III
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3. No Shop, No Talk and Fiduciary Out Provision (Cont'd)
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4. Market Check and Go Shop Provisions
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5. Termination Fees and Expense Reimbursement Provisions
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6. Matching Rights
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7. Topping Fees
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8. Non-Termination Provisions
E. Self-Tender Offers, Exchange Offers and Extraordinary Dividends
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1. Self-Tender Offers and Exchange Offers
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2. Extraordinary Dividends
F. Super-Voting Common Stock
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1. Statutory Authority for Super-Voting Stock
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2. SEC Rule 19c-4 and Its Aftermath
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3. Cases Upholdingthe Adoption of Super-Voting Stock Plans
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4. Cases Enjoining the Adoption of Super-Voting Stock Plans
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5. Claims Involving Previously Adopted Super-Voting Stock Plans
G. Poison Pill Shareholder Rights Plans
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1. Adoption of Poison Pill Rights Plans
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2. Use of Poison Pill Rights Plans During a Contest for Control
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3. Shareholder Resolutions
H. Shareholder Meeting Dates and Shark Repellent Charter and Bylaw
Provisions
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1. Shareholder Meeting Dates
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2. Shark Repellent Charter and Bylaw Provisions
I. Golden Parachute Severance Agreements
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1. Barriers to Judicial Review
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2. The Standard of Review
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3. Legislation
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4. Funding Trusts
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5. Employee Tin Parachutes
J. Antitrust and Other Regulatory Defenses
K. The Pac-Man Defense
L. Litigation
M. Settlements
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1. Greenmail
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2. Standstill Agreements
Chapter IV. The Business Judgment Rule in Shareholder Derivative Litigation
A. The Nature of Shareholder Derivative Litigation and the Special Rules
Governing Shareholder Derivative Litigation
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1. Basic Principles
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2. Distinguishing Derivative from Non-Derivative Actions
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3. Heightened Pleading Requirements
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4. The Contemporaneous and Continuing Ownership Requirements
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5. The Fair and Adequate Representation Requirement
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6. Security for Expenses
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7. The Demand Requirement
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8. Termination by Special Litigation Committee
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9. Settlement
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10. Double Derivative Actions
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11. Diversity Jurisdiction Issues
B. The Demand Requirement
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1. Basic Principles
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2. Demand Futility
VOLUME IV
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2. Demand Futility (Cont'd)
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3. Wrongful Refusal
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4. Universal Demand States
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5. Section 16(b) Cases
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6. Demand on Shareholders
C. Termination by Special Litigation Committees
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1. The Power to Terminate
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2. The Scope of Judicial Review – Auerbach Versus Zapata
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3. Special Litigation Committee Independence
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4. Discovery on the Termination Issue
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5. The Special Litigation Committee – Some Practical Considerations
D. Derivative Litigation in General Partnerships, Limited Partnerships and
Limited Liability Companies
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1. The Demand Requirement
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2. Refusals of Demands
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3. Special Litigation Committees
E. Privilege and Work Product Considerations
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1. The Garner Doctrine
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2. Privilege in the Context ofa Board Committee Investigation
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3. Public Access to Court Filings
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4. Perrigo
F. Section 220 Books and Records Inspections
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1. The Development of Section 220 as a “Tool at Hand”
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2. The Required Showing of Mismanagement
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3. The Scope of the Inspection
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4. Privilege and Work Product Issues
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5. Confidentiality Issues
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6. Subsidiaries
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7. Requests for Books and Records by Directors and Former Directors
Chapter V. Indemnification and Insurance
A. Indemnification
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1. Policy Considerations
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2. Directors, Officers, Employees and Agents
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3. Mandatory Indemnification
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4. Permissive Indemnification
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5. Advancement
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6. Court-Ordered Indemnification and Advancement
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7. Types of Proceedings Covered
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8. Types of Conduct Covered
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9. Expenses Incurred Other Thanas a Defendant
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10. and Non-Exclusivity Provisions
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11. Additional Public Policy Limitations
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12. Notice to Shareholders
B. Insurance
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1. Statutory Provisions Authorizing Insurance
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2. The Need for Insurance
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3. Public Policy Limitations
C. The D & O Crisis of the Mid-1980s and Its Aftermath
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1. The Crisis
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2. Responses
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3. The Market Since the 1980s
Table of Cases and Other Authorities